Essay on Decision Making - 3079 Words

Decision making can be described as a process of making a decision or decisions, based on choices made amongst two or more competing course of actions. The ‘Decision making’ also requires making a define choice between two or more alternatives course of actions that are available. In every decision making, there is said to be a positive and negative outcome as future consequence(s). The importance of decision making in individual daily life and in organization level was demonstrated by two scientists, Arkes and Hammond (1992), in ‘Judgment and Decision making’ indentified the four types of information which decision maker requires constructing a decision tree. 1. What are the available courses of action(s)? 2. What are the†¦show more content†¦Psychologist Herbert Simon further established and categorized decisions into two categories; Programmed Decisions and Non-Programmed Decision. Programmed decisions are type of decisions which are routine and repetitive, of which are within the frame work of organization policies and rules. Such polices rules are established in advance to solve a re- occurring problems within the organization. Such programmed decisions are usually taken at lower management level and tends to have a short-run impact on organization. In contrast, the Non- Programmed decisions which are type of decisions which are non-routine and deployed to resolve non-routine problems, they are relevant in solving unique and unusual problems that arises, of which the alternatives cannot be decided in advance. Non-Programmed decisions are usually of high importance and significance with long-term consequences on organizations, such decisions are decided at the top management level. A model of decision making known as the Rational Decision Making Model arises from organization behavior. This includes working through series of five stages path from problem identification and to the solutions. 1. Define the problem. 2. Identify the decision criteria. 3. Compare each option against pre-determined criteria. 4. Select the best option 5. Implement the best chosen option. The Rational Decision Making ModelShow MoreRelatedDecision Making820 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1: Which biases in decision making can be identified in the performances of both Pieterson and Gack? How can the identified biases be overcome? In general, the decision making style for manager approach decision making is toward rational and intuitive thinking. In rational thinking a person consider the problem in a rational, step-by-step and analytical way. Rational thinking person will resolve a complex and complicated problem into smaller part and then resolve them in a rational,Read MoreDecision Making1296 Words   |  6 PagesQues:  What are the reason why two perfect individual are never two perfect couples. with the 7 decision making process solve the problem.    The 7 decision making processes are:    1. Define the problem 2. Identify limiting factors 3. Develop potential alternatives 4. Analyze the alternatives 5. Select the best alternatives 6. Implement the decision 7. Establish a control and evaluation system Introduction A perfect marriage may be an illusion although the people involve may be perfectRead MoreDecision Making : An Evaluation810 Words   |  4 PagesDecision-Making Generating potential solutions, evaluating the solutions, deciding, checking the decisions and communicating and implementing the decisions were the six areas covered during the quiz (cite). Decisions made at the strategic, routine, project/non-routine, or operational levels have different impacts (cite) and consequences if not managed properly. This paper will address each of the six areas evaluated, discuss the four levels that decisions are made and show my improvement plan toRead MoreThe Development Of Decision Making1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Decision-Making in Nursing Nursing is a profession that has traditionally attracted individuals who have a desire to help others and have an interest in the health sciences (Ruesink, 2012). In the complex world of health care, good intentions only go so far in terms of client safety, quality of care, and achieving the best possible outcomes, and that is why critical thinking, decision making, and evidence based practice are crucial to the nursing profession when acting on theRead MoreResearch in Decision Making1653 Words   |  7 PagesTOPIC 1 DISCUSSION Why research is considered essential in the decision making function of management. Research may be defined as a systematic inquiry whose objective is to provide the information that will allow managerial problems to be solved. It is also seen as an activity that is often carried out by most people, knowingly or unknowingly in the course of their daily lives. It is a systematic inquiry whose objective is to provide the information that will allow managerial problems to be solvedRead MoreIndividual Decision Making vs Group Decision Making2832 Words   |  12 Pages‘Given the potential problems associated with group decision making, organisations should rely on individual decision making whenever possible’. How far do you agree/disagree with this statement? From the days when working conditions were under the strict rules of Taylorism, workers these days are required to be equipped with various soft skills and not to forget, the important value of teamwork. Organisations present-day depend heavily on teamwork. Questions such as â€Å"what strengths can you bringRead Moreethical decision making1211 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Ethical- Decision Making University of the Rockies Mabel Drafton Abstract Countertransference is how therapists distort the way they perceive and react to a client (Corey, Corey, and Callanan, 2011). Therapists are expected to identify and deal with their own reactions with consultation, personal therapy, and supervision that their clients will not be negatively affected by the therapist’s problem. Personal therapy is an effective way for therapistsRead MoreSynergistic Decision Making1082 Words   |  5 Pages Synergistic Decision Making Tariq Shah OM-176 Group and Organizational Dynamics PSY 452 Module Two Organizational Management Professor Fabian April 15, 2015 Synergistic Decision Making Working with people is not easy at times. Many people rather work independently of others. I believe most of the reason for the individual deciding to work independent of others, is because they do not want to rely on others for their success or failure. If they can do it alone, they feel more in control ofRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1496 Words   |  6 PagesFacing Ethical Decisions How does a person determine what is right or wrong when making a decision? Most people faced with an ethical decision usually revert to their personal values that hopefully guide them through the decision-making process. Assessing values and morals are an important role when making ethical decisions and how others view a person after making that decision. â€Å"Once we grasp the underlying concepts of making important decisions, we need to know how to apply them.† (Fisher, 2005)Read MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1047 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Decision-Making The first step in the CPA (2000) ethical decision-making model is identification of the individuals and groups potentially affected by the decision. In the ethical scenario I presented earlier, the individuals directly involved and likely to be most affected by the decision include the 54-year old woman and myself as the counsellor. Those who will likely be indirectly affected by the decision would be the woman’s family, including her 20-year old daughter, and the agency

Animal Experimentation And Biomedical Ethics Essay

Animal activists and scientists experience ongoing conflict between animal experimentation and biomedical ethics. Animal testing is one of the oldest methods of experimentation. In the 1980s, the animal rights movement and the argument surrounding the ethics came under fire. As a result of this movement, the experimental procedures became public, giving more incentive to the activists and momentum to their cause. The ethics of animal experimentation come into question in everything from beauty products to the food and vitamins that are sent to consumers worldwide. However, because of the industries involvement within animal experimentation, many consumers do not know how these products they are purchasing are tested. Although the ethics of experimentation have come into question, new ideas of experimentation have progressed. Within the biomedical field, new testing methods for both medicine and beauty products have evolved. Because of this new technology, activists against animal ex perimentation argue that the necessity of animal experimentation is unneeded. In contrast, scientists argue it is not outdated. Despite the progress made by the activists many scientists still believe that animal experimentation will be needed. Although animal testing may have served as a useful tool in the past, it no longer is as accurate as the new technology and research methods from the 21st century. Biomedical ethics within corporate experimentation has been a controversy for years, butShow MoreRelatedEnding Animal Cruelty647 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal testing is used internationally to understand and create medicines and to test the safety of products. Almost 20 million animals are experimented on and killed annually worldwide, an estimated eight million of which are subjects in experiments involving pain while at least 10 percent of these animals do not receive painkillers (Andre Velasquez, 1988). Clearly these experimentations are reducing the quality of life for these animals, and as such there has been growing criticism of animalRead MoreExamination Of Past And Present Ethical Guidelines On Biomedical Research1368 Words   |  6 PagesEilidh Cowan Ethics of Biomedical Science Research Ioan Alexandru Beldean Examination of past and present ethical guidelines on biomedical research Ethics can be defined as a set of moral values informing one’s decisions. But this set of moral values can be influenced by many different things, such as various cultures, religions, and even technological advancements. This is called moral relativism, the idea that there are no real truths in ethics and what is right or wrong varies person by personRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And The Early Greek Era1716 Words   |  7 Pages Thomas ENC 1101 9 November 2015 Animal Experimentation: We Owe It to Them Animal Experimentation has been dated as far back as to the Early Greek Era. This practice has been viewed as ethical by research scientists trying to find new medical breakthroughs. Yet, in recent years, the use of animals in research and experimentation has been frowned upon by animal protection groups and animal rights activists. Animals are protected by certain guidelines and ethics prior to their use in research. ContraryRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesjustifying the use of animals for scientific research to benefit man, to giving them the right to live life alongside man? This brings up the debate: should animals be used in scientific experiments (â€Å"†¦procedures performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of..† Humane Society International)? This debate has been going on for centuries, and still very prevalent in today’s society. Es pecially with the rise of animal activist groups suchRead MoreAnimals In Experimentation. This Essay Will Explore The1684 Words   |  7 Pages Animals in Experimentation This essay will explore the benefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledgeRead MoreThis Essay Will Explore The Benefit Of Animals Being Used1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledge known to man now was found through animal experimentation. SuchRead MoreHuman Primates : The Appropriate Subjects Of Biomedical Research Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesKathleen Eckert 12.12.2016 Ethics Muireann Quigley, in his article, â€Å"Non-Human primates: the appropriate subjects of biomedical research?† discusses the ethical issue of whether or not we should be using non-human primates in biomedical research. Throughout this article, Quigley raises the question is it ethical to perform testing on non-human primates? By looking at the accuracy of this testing, the type of research done, and the capacity of the subjects we can see that if the experiment isRead MoreEssay about We Need More Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1416 Words   |  6 PagesWe Need More Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation    A life can be taken or created in a matter of seconds and with that has come the miracles of modern medicine. People have come to expect science to save lives, prevent illness, relieve suffering and improve the quality of life. The means of curing, treating and preventing diseases are not achieved by magic or accident. Medical advances are gained through years of intensive research -- research in which laboratory animals have playedRead MoreIgnorance Vs. Intelligence : Animal Experimentation And Life Saving Medical Technology952 Words   |  4 PagesIgnorance v. Intelligence: Animal Experimentation and Life Saving Medical Technology The use of non-human animals in experiments in order to gain a further understanding of the functions of biological systems is known as animal experimentation. Medicine as it is known today would not exist without animal experimentation, also referred to as animal testing, animal research, and/or biomedical testing. Albert Sabin, who developed the Polio vaccine said, â€Å"Without animal research, polio would still beRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1502 Words   |  7 Pagesthat animal testing is beneficial to the advancement of human knowledge, while animal rights’ activists claim that animal testing is not humane and violates animals’ rights. The controversy over animal testing is best understood as a disagreement about whether animal testing is beneficial to humans. Each year more than 100 million animals are killed in the U.S. Every country has a law that permits medical experimentation on animals. While some countries protect particular kinds of animals from

Checkpoint 1 Information System Business Problem Dimensions Free Essays

Question 1: What are the three dimensions to business problems? Provide examples of each. There are three dimensions to businesses and they are: Organizations, People, and Technology. Organizations use information systems to keep the different levels in their hierarchy separated and organized. We will write a custom essay sample on Checkpoint 1: Information System Business Problem Dimensions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Organizations are comprised of different levels from the higher levels of management to the lower levels of operational personnel and have specialty areas from Human Resources to marketing. Information systems are developed for each department at each level in order to keep the different areas clearly defined and organized. In my organization, I hold the position of Vice-President and I specialize in the web development portion of our business. I have an information system that is completely different from the owner and President of our company because our specialties and tasks are in different areas. Information systems are only as good as the people that run and manage them. It is people that have to understand and use the information in order for the system to achieve the business goals. As of right now, we have hired an external company to keep track of all of our information systems and make sure we are keeping on task. This will change once I complete school and have a clear understanding on how to run our information systems myself. Technology is the aspect that continuously evolves to allow us to connect to people all over the world with different computers, networks, software, and mobile devices. Data management technology is what makes our particular company run smoothly because it is a employer/employee match-up system. I am learning more and more about managing our data bases, but it is definitely complex and changes constantly as new technology and platforms are created. This is an exciting time to be a part of technology because of the rapid growth. Question 2: What is the difference between IT and information systems? Describe some functions of information systems. Information technology is the hardware and software that a business needs in order to achieve its goals or objectives. Information systems connect information technology, people, and organizations in order for each individual department or person to be able to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently. Information systems collects data, processes the data, stores the data, and then sends the data out to different departments so that it can be analyzed to help the business run smoother. An example for me would be our accounting system. Our bank collects all of our banking data, it stores it for us and then it breaks it down for us so that we can see where we are spending too much, where we need to spend a little more money, how much we are making from different services, and of course lets us know if we are making a profit or not. By utilizing these reports each month, we are able to adjust our pricing points on certain services so that we can sell more and it has also told us we are spending too much on office expenses but that we need to increase our spending on marketing. We scrutinize these reports in order for us to achieve our goals for our company so that we can expand in the future. We also have a marketing system that collects data from each of the marketing strategies we are using so that we can analyze which ones we want to continue to utilize and which ones are not generating any clients so we need to stop using them. How to cite Checkpoint 1: Information System Business Problem Dimensions, Papers

Explain the difference between culture Essay Example For Students

Explain the difference between culture Essay A signal may be considered as an interruption, indicating the presence of an individual in a room, his impatience, agreement, or disagreement with some aspect of the environment. In the case of screaming for help, a critical situation demanding attention, coded to refer to spoken or written language. Signs are usually less germane to the development of words than signals; most of them contain greater amounts of meaning of and by themselves. We will write a custom essay on Explain the difference between culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now All known cultures utilize signs to convey relatively simple messages fast and conveniently. Symbols are more difficult than signs to understand and to define because unlike signs and signals, they are intricately woven into an individuals ongoing perception of the world. The symbol has been defined as a device with which an abstraction can be made; they may include written or spoken language as well as visual objects. Rich clusters of related und unrelated symbols are usually regarded as icons. They are a group of interactive symbols, like the White House in Washington D. C. or an Impressionist painting. Professional actors and dancers have known since antiquity that body gestures also generate a vocabulary of communication more or less unique to each culture. Proxemics involves the ways in which people in various cultures utilized both time and space as well as body positions and other factors of purpose of communication. The body heat humans give of, odour they perceive in social situations. Communication can be nonvocal or vocal, a respond does not has to be observable action, also could be a mental responds. Every received and responded message is rooted in culture (Samovar, 2001). About 150,000 years ago our first relatives initiated an activity that would have a profound and everlasting effect on all lives. It took another 140,000 years to refine the process; these early ancestors evolved the vocal tracts necessary for human communication. This extraordinary accomplishment was one of the major precursors for the development of culture around 6,000 years ago. From that day until now, communication and culture have been inseparable. Although communication and culture are two different words, and in some way different concepts, they are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted and preserved through communication. The dictionary meaning of culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behaviour that depends upon mans capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generation (Britannica, 2003). The dictionary meaning of communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour (Britannica, 2003). But every communication event takes place on a time-space-continuum, and the amount of time allotted, whether it is for social conversation or a formal speech, affects that event. Cultures as well as people use time to communicate (Samovar, 2001). A general part of communication event is the cultural setting. The largest system affecting communication is our culture, which is the context within which all our interactions take place. (Higgings, 1995). The rules, values, norms, traditions, taboos and customs of a culture all affects the other areas of the communication system. Every culture has a language, rules and norms about age, gender, a system of government, religions, economic system, recreational and play activity, art and music. In modern society different people communicate in different ways, as do people in different societies around the world. The way people communicate is the way they live. It is their culture. Who talks with whom, about what? These are questions of communication and culture (Samovar, 2001). Heritage includes those places and events which define and sustain a countrys character and provide a living and accessible record of the nations history (Elms, 1999). It represents the important examples of our landscape, the critical moments in our development as a nation and the joys and sorrows in the lives of our varied inhabitants (Australia Heritage Commission, 1997). Our cultural heritage, both indigenous and non-indigenous, contributes significantly to the quality of life humans value. Our heritage is a living heritage and will be continually added to. Through stories, folktales, legends, myths, language and written documents. .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce , .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .postImageUrl , .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce , .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce:hover , .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce:visited , .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce:active { border:0!important; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce:active , .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13daa7d3e42d611351ad478dc72e97ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord Of The Flies With Withered Arm Companionship EssayIn conclusion a cultural heritage is communicate through culture, which is based on humans communication verbal and nonverbal. Tina Rauer Student #10153131 Page 7 of 7 List of Reference Devito, J. 1991, Essentials of Human Communication and Human Relationship, Allyn and Bacon, Boston. Britannica, 2003, Communication, , from Encyclopaedia Britannica Premium Service, Available: http://www. britannica. com/dictionary? . Britannica, 2003, Culture, , from Encyclopaedia Britannica Premium Service, Available: http://www. britannica. com/dictionary? . Enviromental Operations Unit, 1999, Cultural Heritage Guidelines, Heritage Consulting Australia, Walkerville SA. Gopalkrishnan, N. , 2003, Cross Cultural Communication, Paper presented at the Lecture for COR 109, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore. Higgins, A. G. , Multimedia Readiness of U. S. Ranked No. 1, San Diego Union- Tribute, 19. October 1995. Samovar, L. A ; Porter, R. E. , 2001, Communication Between Cultures, Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, Belmont C. A.. Semmelroth, E. , 2003, A Brief History of Fire And Its Issues, Available: http://hearth. com/what/historyfire. html .